Robert Havighurst (1953) –
theory of developmental tasks. Emphasized the interrelationship of physical,
social, emotional, and intellectual aspects of development.
Definition: A developmental
task is a task to be performed or achieved during a certain period in a
person’s life. It represents culture's definition of "normal"
development at different points in the life span. It consist of a set of skills
and competences that are acquired as the person gains increased mastery over
the environment. Many developmental tasks are related to the society in which
an individual lives. Most people accomplish developmental tasks in a certain
order. Successfully accomplish one task before going on to a task at the next
level.
Interrelationship of the factors.
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LIFE STAGE
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DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
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1
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INFANCY
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1
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Social attachment
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2
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Sensorimotor intelligence and primitive causality
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3
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Object permanence
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4
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Maturation of motor function
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2
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TODDLERHOOD
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1
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Self-control
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2
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Language development
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3
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Fantasy and play
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4
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Elaboration of locomotion.
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3
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EARLY SCHOOL AGE
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1
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Sex role identification
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2
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Early moral development
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3
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Concrete operations
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4
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Group play
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4
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MIDDLE SCHOOL AGE
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1
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Social cooperation
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2
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Self-evaluation
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3
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Skill learning
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4
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Team play
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5
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EARLY ADOLESCENCE
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1
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Physical maturation
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2
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Formal operations
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3
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Membership in the peer group
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4
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Heterosexual relationships
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6
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LATER ADOELSCENCE
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1
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Autonomy from parents
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2
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Sex role identity
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3
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Internalized morality
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4
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Career choice
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7
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EARLY ADULTHOOD
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1
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Marriage
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2
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Childbearing
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3
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Work
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4
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Lifestyle
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8
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MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
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1
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Management of the household
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2
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Child rearing
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3
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Management of a career
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9
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LATER ADULTHOOD
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1
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Redirection of energy into new roles
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2
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Acceptance of one life
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3
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Developing a point of view about death
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CHALLENGES
ACROSS LIFE-CYCLE:
-Various capacity, types, duration, timing
-Various factors may influence them or influence the impact
of the challenges
-Risk factors & protective factors
Factors that impede/hinder or facilitate/promote
development/process of development
-Risk factors & protective factors
Factors that impede/hinder or facilitate/promote
development/process of development
Individual/family/other contexts
Individual – low self-esteem, poor social skills (risk);
high self-esteem, coping skill, assertiveness , resilient (protective)
-A resilient person can survive best
Ability to overcome challenges/to bounce back in the face
of challenges
-Risk factors & protective factors
Factors that impede/hinder or facilitate/promote
development/process of development
Individual/family/other contexts
Individual – low self-esteem, poor social skills (risk);
high self-esteem, coping skill, assertiveness, resilient (protective)
-A resilient person can survive best
Ability to overcome challenges/to bounce back in the face
of challenges
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NO
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LIFE STAGE
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PSYCHOSOCIAL CRISIS
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1
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INFANCY
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Trust versus mistrust
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2
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TODDLERHOOD
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Autonomy versus shame and doubt
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3
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EARLY SCHOOL
AGE
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Initiative versus guilt
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4
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MIDDLE SCHOOL
AGE
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Industry versus inferiority
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5
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ADOLESCENCE
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Identity versus role diffusion
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6
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YOUNG
ADULTHOOD
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Intimacy versus isolation
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7
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MIDDLE
ADULTHOOD
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Generativity versus stagnation
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8
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LATER
ADULTHOOD
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Integrity versus despair
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Class Activity
- Give examples of risk and protective factors for human development;
- Individual
- Family
- School/community
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