Perubahan
Penukaran
(alteration): Alter: less partial change as in appearance, so that the
identity is preserved
Pengubahsuaian
(modification): Modify: minor change in form, often so as to limit or
moderate
Variasi (variation):
Vary: suggests irregular or intermittent change
Transformasi
(tranformation): Transform: implies a change in form, usually in nature or
function
Penggantian
(convertion): Convert: suggests a more stronger change to suit a new function
Metamorfosis
(metamorphosis): Complete change in form
Revolusi
(revolution): Total change or take over
Regenerasi
(regeneration): Revitalize or new growth
Inovasi (Innovation): New process or tool
Pemajuan/peningkatan
(improvement): Better way or situation
Jenis Perubahan
Perubahan Peristiwa (Happened Change)
Perubahan Reaktif (Reactive Change)
Perubahan Ramalan (Anticipatory change)
Perubahan Berencana (Planned Change)
Perubahan Kecilan (Incremental Change)
Perubahan Operasi (Operational Change)
Perubahan Strategik (Strategic Change)
Perubahan hala Tuju (Directional Change)
Perubahan Dasar/Asas (Fundamental Change)
Perubahan Menyeluruh (Total Change)
Perubahan Transformasi (Transformational Change)
Perubahan Revolusi (Revolutionary Change)
Pembentukan Semula (Recreation)
Pemajuan berterusan (Continuous Improvement
Tekanan Perubahan
Luaran (PESTEL)
Tekanan Politik
(Political Pressures)
Tekanan Ekonomi (Economic Pressures)
Tekanan Teknologi (Technological Pressures)
Tekanan Kerajaan (Government Pressures)
Peningkatan Persaingan Global (Global Competition
Pressures)
Perubahan Keperluan dan Cita Rasa Pelanggan (Change in
Customer Needs and Tastes)
Tekanan Dalaman
Dinamik Sistem (System Dynamics)
Proses Pentadbiran Tidak Mencukupi atau Lengkap
(Insufficient or Incomplete Administrative Process)
Harapan Individu atau Kumpulan (Individual or Group
Expectations)
Perubahan Berfokus Penstrukturan (Focused Structural
Changes)
Perubahan Teknologi (Technological Changes)
Perubahan Berfokus Manusia (Person-focused Change)
Isu Keuntungan (Profitability Issues)
Desakan Sumber yang Terhad (Demands of Limited Resources)
Model Perubahan Kurt Lewin
Gambarajah 1: Komponen Utama untuk Melaksanakan Perubahan
Gambarajah
3: Komponen Utama Pendekatan Sistem
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